知识的逻辑(2023秋季) Epistemic Logic
教师:王彦晶, 时间:每周三 7-9节 地点:地学楼 214
相关其他课程详情见逻辑语言认知中心的网站:http://logic.pku.edu.cn
小论文截止时间: 1月13日(世界逻辑日前一天)
关于学术写作,可参考这里.
报告顺序:
12月20日: 马千里 刘一辰 高天翔
12月27日:邓徐冰 戎书歌 方振洋
News
12 月 13 日第十三次课 (Slides)
- Yanjing Wang: A new modal framework for epistemic logic in Proceedings of 16th conference on Theoretical Aspects of Rationality and Knowledge (TARK2017): 515-534
- Anantha Padmanabha, R. Ramanujam, Yanjing Wang: Bundled fragments of first-order modal logic: (un)decidability FSTTCS2018:LIPIcs 112: 43:1-43:20
- Mo Liu, Anantha Padmanabha, R Ramanujam, Yanjing Wang. Are bundles good deals for first-order modal logic? Information and Computation 293: 105062 (2023)
- Wolter, F., & Zakharyaschev, M. (2001). Decidable Fragments of First-Order Modal Logics. The Journal of Symbolic Logic, 66(3), 1415–1438.
- Xun Wang. Completeness theorems for ∃□-bundled fragment of first-order modal logic. Synthese 201 (4):1-23 (2023)
- 王勋:一阶模态逻辑的 $\exists \Box$-打包片段研究:公理化及模型论. 北京大学博士论文. 2021
- 杨远哲: 一阶模态逻辑 $\Box\exists$-打包片段的一些公理化结果. 北京大学本科毕业论文 2023
- Haoyu Wang, Yanjing Wang, Yunsong Wang: Inquisitive logic as an epistemic logic of knowing how. Ann. Pure Appl. Log. 173(10): 103145 (2022)
- Haoyu Wang, Yanjing Wang, Yunsong Wang: An Epistemic Interpretation of Tensor Disjunction. AiML 2022: 719-739
12月6日第十二次课 (Slides1, Slides2) 相关文献:
- Chao Xu, Yanjing Wang, Thomas Studer: A Logic of Knowing Why, Synthese 2021
- Hintikka, J., & Halonen, I. (1995). Semantics and Pragmatics for Why-Questions. The Journal of Philosophy, 92(12), 636–657. 看 Hintikka 利用插值定理讨论 question why 的结果
- Artemov, S. (2008). The Logic of Justification. Review of Symbolic Logic.
- Yanjing Wang, Yu Wei, Jeremy Seligman (2022): Quantifier-free epistemic term-modal logic with assignment operator in Annals of Pure and Applied Logic. 用 term modality 和 assignment operator 处理 de re / de dicto 的 reading, AiML 18 会议论文的期刊版
- Michael Cohen, Wen Tang, Yanjing Wang: De Re Updates. TARK 2021: 103-117 assignments 处理de re updates 和 de re knowledge。
- Maria Aloni: Knowing-who in quantified epistemic logic, Jaakko Hintikka on Knowledge and Game-Theoretical Semantics, Springer 2108
- Maria Aloni. Quantification under Conceptual Covers. PhD thesis University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 2001. 用技术方式处理不同的 reading
- Sophia Epstein, Pavel Naumov: Epistemic Logic of Know-Who. AAAI 2021: 11479-11486 一个简单的know who logic 使用Grove 的 “egocentric” framework
- Adam J. Grove, Joseph Y. Halpern: Naming and Identity in Epistemic Logics Part I: The Propositional Case. J. Log. Comput. 3(4): 345-378 (1993)
- Fitting, M., Thalmann, L., & Voronkov, A. (2001). Term-modal logics. Studia Logica, 69(1), 133–169.
- Barteld Kooi (2007): Dynamic term modal logic. LORI 2007
- Lars Thalmann (2000): Term-Modal Logic and Quantifier-free Dynamic Logic. PhD Thesis, Uppsala University
- Orlandelli, E., & Corsi, G. (2018). Decidable Term-Modal Logics (pp. 147–162). Springer
- Nicholas Pischke: Dynamic extensions for the logic of knowing why with public announcements of formulas
12月1日第十一次课 (Slides)
Logics of (goal-directed) knowing how
相关文献:
- For discussion between intellectualism and anti-intellectualism, see this Philpaper page (edited by Bengson)
- Gochet, P.: An open problem in the logic of knowing how. In Hintikka, J., ed.: Open Problems in Epistemology. The Philosophical Society of Finland (2013) 一个早期相关文献的综述加分类
- Ågotnes, T., Goranko, V., Jamroga, W., Wooldridge, M.: Knowledge and ability. In van Ditmarsch, H., Halpern, J., van der Hoek, W., Kooi, B., eds.: Handbook of Epistemic Logic. College Publications (2015) 543–589 ATL 传统的 epistemic logic 的综述
- Yanjing Wang: A logic of goal-directed knowing how, in Synthese 195 (10): 4419–4439 know how逻辑的第一篇文章(基于 LORI15 的会议文章的期刊版)
- Raul Fervari, Andreas Herzig, Yanjun Li, Yanjing Wang: Strategically knowing how. IJCAI 2017: 1031-1038 基于 strategy 的 know how 逻辑
- Yanjun Li, Yanjing Wang: Planning-based knowing how: A unified approach. Artificial Intelligence 296: 103487 (2021) 大一统理论框架
- Yanjun Li, Yanjing Wang: Knowing how to plan. TARK2021: 233-247 用know-how 做higher-order planning
- Yanjun Li, Yanjing Wang: Multi-agent Knowing How via Multi-step Plans: A Dynamic Epistemic Planning Based Approach. LORI 2019: 126-139 用动态的语义做know-how
- Yanjun Li, Yanjing Wang: Achieving While Maintaining: A Logic of Knowing How with Intermediate Constraints. ICLA 2017: 154-167 有中间约束的
- Yanjun Li: Stopping Means Achieving: A Weaker Logic of Knowing How, Studies in Logic 9 (4): 34-54 2016 走哪算哪的
- Yanjun Li: Tableau-Based Decision Procedure for Logic of Knowing-How via Simple Plans. CLAR 2021: 266-283 相关的判定性方法
- Xun Wang: A Logic of Knowing How with Skippable Plans. LORI 2019: 413-424 修复 composition axiom 的文章,停了可以跳过去的
- Yanjun Li: Knowing what to do A logical approach to planning and knowing how. PhD Thesis Groningen University 2017
- Yanjun Li, Barteld Kooi, Yanjing Wang: A dynamic epistemic framework for reasoning about conformant probabilistic plans. Artificial Intelligence 268: 54-84 (2019) 带概率的conformant planning,可用于做带概率的know how
- Tszyuen Lau and Yanjing Wang: Knowing your ability The Philosophical Forum 47(3-4)415-423, Wiley-Blackwell 相关的一些哲学讨论
- Pavel Naumov, Jia Tao: Together We Know How to Achieve: An Epistemic Logic of Know-How. Artificial Intelligence 2017 用 distributed knowledge和coalition logic的思想做多主体单步的know-how,下面都是基于这样的framework
- Pavel Naumov, Jia Tao: Knowing-how under uncertainty. Artificial Intelligence 276: 41-56 (2019)
- Pavel Naumov, Jia Tao: Strategic Coalitions With Perfect Recall. AAAI 2018
- Pavel Naumov, Jia Tao: Coalition Power in Epistemic Transition Systems. AAMAS 2017: 723-731
- Jan Broersen: Making a Start with the stit Logic Analysis of Intentional Action. Journal of Philosophical Logic (2011) 40:499–530
11月22日第十次课 (Slides)
我们讲了知道值逻辑的来龙去脉。
参考文献
- Jan Plaza: Logics of public communications. In Proceedings of the 4th ISMIS Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, pp. 201–216. (1989)
- Xiwen Ma, Weide Guo: W-JS: A modal logic of knowledge in Proceedings of IJCAI83 关于马希文
- H. van Ditmarsch. Comments to ’logics of public communications’. Synthese, 158(2):181– 187, 2007.
- Yanjing Wang, Jie Fan: Knowing that, Knowing what, and Public Communication: Public Announcement Logic with Kv Operators, in Proceedings of IJCAI 2013: 1147-1154. AAAI press.
- Yanjing Wang, Jie Fan: Conditionally knowing what, in Advances in Modal Logic Vol. 10: 569-587 (2014), College Publications
- Tao Gu, Yanjing Wang: “Knowing value” logic as a normal modal logic. in Advances in Modal Logic Vol. 11:362-381, College Publications
- Jan van Eijck, Malvin Gattinger, Yanjing Wang: Knowing Values and Public Inspection. ICLA 2017: 77-90 Springer
- Alexandru Baltag: To know is to know the value of a variable.in Advances in Modal Logic Vol. 11, College Publications
- Yifeng Ding: The axiomatization and complexity of Knowing-What-Logic on model class K, Epistemic Logic with Functional Dependency Operator Studies in Logic
- F. Dechesne, Y. Wang: To know or not to know: epistemic approaches to security protocol verification. Synthese 177(S1): 51-76 (2010), Springer
- Jixin Liu, Yifeng Ding, Yanjing Wang: Model Theoretical Aspects of Weakly Aggregative Modal Logic. J. Log. Lang. Inf. 31(2): 261-286 (2022)
- Yifeng Ding, Jixin Liu & Yanjing Wang: Someone knows that local reasoning on hypergraphs is a weakly aggregative modal logic Synthese 201 (2):1-27 (2023)(定义在hypergraph和neighborhood model上的逻辑)
- Bo Hong: Knowing the Value of a Predicate. LORI 2023: 149-166
11月15日 第九次课(Slides)
我们讲了know-whether的逻辑和相关的工作。
延伸阅读:
- Hart, S., Heifetz, A., & Samet, D.: Knowing whether, knowing that, and the cardinality of state spaces. Journal of Economic Theory, 70(1), 249–256. (1996) 关于用 knowing whether 构造不可数多个 knowledge states
- 关于knowledge的状态的基数 的各种讨论,请参见这个slides
- W. van der Hoek and A. Lomuscio: A logic for ignorance. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science, 85(2)(2):117-133, 2004. 关于无知的逻辑。
- J. Fan, Y. Wang and H. van Ditmarsch: Contingency and knowing whether, in Review of Symbolic Logic 8 (1):75-107 (2015), 我们的文章,里面有和noncontingency logic 过去六十年结果的综述和比较。
- J. Fan, Y. Wang and H. van Ditmarsch: Almost necessary, in Advances in Modal Logic Vol. 10: 178-197 (2014), College Publications 我们提出 NCL 互模拟的文章。
- J. Fan, H. van Ditmarsch: Neighborhood Contingency Logic. in Proceedings of ICLA 2015: 88-99 极小的NCL 逻辑
- 范杰 《非偶然算子的逻辑研究》 博士论文 北京大学 2015 (Logical Studies for Non-contingency Operator PhD thesis of Jie Fan , in Chinese) 其他论文见范杰主页 范杰博士论文里有互模拟的传递性证明。
- Commonly knowing whether的论文。
- M. Aloni, P. Égré, Tikitu de Jager: Knowing whether A or B. Synthese 190(14): 2595-2621 (2013)
- Andreas Herzig 在WoLLiC上关于know whether 和 commonly know whether的特邀报告
- 和Rough set 的关系的论文
- Kit Fine:Ignorance of Ignorance. Synthese 195:4031–4045 (2018) 高阶无知的不可知
11月8日第八次课 (Slides)
延伸阅读:
- Hintikka, J., Hintikka, M.: Reasoning about knowledge in philosophy: The paradigm of epistemic logic. In: The Logic of Epistemology and the Epistemology of Logic. Volume 200 of Synthese Library. Springer Netherlands (1989) 17–35
- Hintikka, J. (2003). A Second Generation Epistemic Logic and its General Significance. In V. F. Hendricks, K. F. Jørgensen, & S. A. Pedersen (Eds.), Knowledge Contributors (pp. 33–55). Springer. (用 IF logic 的思想处理二阶的量化)
- Yanjing Wang: Beyond knowing that: a new generation of epistemic logic in Jaakko Hintikka on knowledge and game theoretical semantics: 499-533. Springer (See the section about Hintikka’s contributions and the references therein)
- Gochet P, Gribomont P (2006) Epistemic logic. In: Gabbay DM, Woods J (eds) Handbook of the History of Logic, vol 7 早期的有关一阶模态的综述
- Jason Stanley and John W. Krakauer (2013): Motor skill depends on knowledge of facts. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. know-how哲学家与神经科学家合作的工作
11 月 1日第七次课(Slides)
我们举了一个例子用动态和时态的思想的结合去做 planning 的事,然后讲了更一般性的 event model DEL.
- Yanjing Wang, Yanjun Li (2012): Not all those who wander are lost: dynamic epistemic reasoning in navigation, Advances in Modal Logic vol 9: 559-580
- Yanjun Li, Quan Yu, Yanjing Wang (2018): More for Free: A Dynamic Epistemic Framework for Conformant Planning over Transition Systems in Journal of Logic and Computation: 27(8):2383–2410
- Yanjun Li, Barteld Kooi, Yanjing Wang: A dynamic epistemic framework for reasoning about conformant probabilistic plans. Artif. Intell. 268: 54-84 (2019)
- Alexandru Baltag, Lawrence S. Moss, Slawomir Solecki: The Logic of Public Announcements and Common Knowledge and Private Suspicions. TARK 1998: 43-56 引入event model 的文章,也解决了 PAL 带 Common Knowledge 的公理化
- Alexandru Baltag, Lawrence S. Moss: Logics for Epistemic Programs. Synthese 139(2): 165-224 (2004) 上面 “BMS”文章的期刊版,用较严格的方式处理了循环定义的可能性
- Johan van Benthem, Jan van Eijck, and Barteld Kooi (2006). Logics of communication and change. Information and Computation, 204(11):1620–1662. EPDL 上加上 event update,找到相应的规约公理
- 程莹莹:社会网络信息传递模式的知识逻辑建模 北京大学硕士论文
- 关于用知识逻辑做安全协议验证的批判性综述:Francien Dechesne, Yanjing Wang: To know or not to know: epistemic approaches to security protocol verification. Synthese 177(S1): 51-76 (2010)
10月25日第六次课(Slides)
王云崧同学介绍了使用拓扑和邻域模型做知识与信念逻辑的一些工作。
- Baltag, A., Bezhanishvili, N., Özgün, A. et al. Justified belief, knowledge, and the topology of evidence. Synthese 200, 512 (2022).
- Alexandru Baltag, Nick Bezhanishvili, Aybüke Özgün, Sonja Smets: A Topological Approach to Full Belief. J. Philos. Log. 48(2): 205-244 (2019)
- Johan van Benthem, David Fernández-Duque, Eric Pacuit: Evidence and plausibility in neighborhood structures. Ann. Pure Appl. Log. 165(1): 106-133 (2014)
- Johan van Benthem, Eric Pacuit: Dynamic Logics of Evidence-Based Beliefs. Stud Logica 99(1-3): 61-92 (2011)
- Baltag, A., Bezhanishvili, N., Fernández González, S. (2022). Topological Evidence Logics: Multi-agent Setting. In: Özgün, A., Zinova, Y. (eds) Proceedings of TbiLLC 2019
王云崧补充:
- 如果对拓扑语义的研究感兴趣,推荐参考Handbook of Spatial Logics. Slides里的大部分技术细节可以参考J. van Benthem and G. Bezhanishvili, Modal Logic of Space, Handbook of Spatial Logics, 2007.
- Evidence-based Epistemic Logic也可以参考Aybuke Ozgun博士论文, ¨ Evidence in Epistemic Logic: A Topological Perspective. PhD thesis, ILLC, 2017.
- 拓扑空间上除了用interior和closure来定义语义,还可以用Cantor derived operator来定义模态逻辑语义,可以表示一些比S4更弱的逻辑:G. Bezhanishvili, L. Esakia, D. Gabelaia, Spectral and T0-spaces in d-semantics, LNAI, Springer, pp. 16-29, 2011.
- Modal mu-calculus的拓扑语义:A. Baltag, N. Bezhanishvili, D. Fernandez Duque, The topological mu-calculus: completeness and decidability. Proceedings of LICS 2021.
- 如何推广基础模态语言来定义原本定义不了的拓扑性质:Gabelaia, D. (2001) Modal definability in topology.
- 在topological epistemic logic里做formal learning theory: Baltag A, Gierasimczuk N, Smets S. On the solvability of inductive problems: A study in epistemic topology[J]. arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.07518, 2016.
- Kelly K T. Simplicity, truth, and probability[M]//Philosophy of statistics. North-Holland, 2011: 983-1024.
10月18日第五次课(Slides 1 & Slides 2)
我们介绍了PAL的基本思想和基于reduction的公理化。之后介绍了两种把动态语义转换成静态语义的办法:引入语境依赖和考虑二维模型的特殊类,我们分别用这两种思路系统性地梳理了各种完全与不完全的基于规约公理的PAL的公里化,之后提出了不依赖于规约公理的新的公理化动态知识逻辑的方法。
- Jan Plaza: Logics of public communications Synthese 58(2)165-179 2007 (reprint). (大家可以看看Plaza用的符号,我们之后还会回到这篇经典文章)
- Yanjing Wang, Qinxiang Cao: On axiomatizations of public announcement logic. Synthese 190(S1): 103-134 (2013) 课上讲的两个问题的回答。
- Hans P. van Ditmarsch, Barteld P. Kooi: The Secret of My Success. Synthese 151(2): 201-232 (2006) (关于什么公式在announce后可以保持真值)
- Wesley H. Holliday, Tomohiro Hoshi, Thomas F. Icard III: Information dynamics and uniform substitution. Synthese 190(Supplement-1): 31-55 (2013) (关于对substitution 封闭的PAL子逻辑)
- Wesley H. Holliday, Thomas F. Icard III: Moorean Phenomena in Epistemic Logic. Advances in Modal Logic 2010: 178-199 (关于说出来就变假的公式的语形刻画)
- Carsten Lutz: Complexity and succinctness of public announcement logic. AAMAS 2006: 137-143 关于 PAL 简洁性的文章
- Thomas Ågotnes, Hans van Ditmarsch, Yanjing Wang: True lies. Synthese 195(10): 4581-4615 (2018) (关于假话说出来就变真的以及来回变真值的命题的刻画)
- Jan van Eijck, Floor Sietsma, Yanjing Wang: Composing models. Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics 21(3-4): 397-425 (2011) (关于通过组合的方式造模型的工作)
- Johan van Benthem, Jelle Gerbrandy, Tomohiro Hoshi, Eric Pacuit: Merging Frameworks for Interaction. Journal of Philosophical Logic 38(5): 491-526 (2009) 用反复更新生成ETL-like森林,刻画其性质。
- Yanjing Wang, Guillaume Aucher: An Alternative Axiomatization of DEL and Its Applications. IJCAI 2013: 1139-1146 不用 reduction 做更一般的 DEL。
- Yanjing Wang: Book Review of Logical Dynamics of Information and Interaction by van Benthem. Studia Logica 102(3): 647-654 (2014) 关于 JvB 书的 guide。
10月 11 日第四次课(Slides)
我们介绍了和知识逻辑相关的一些“兄弟”逻辑以及他们是怎么结合在一起的。
参考文献:
9月 20 日 第二次课,Slides
课上我们简单回顾了 epistemic logic 发展早期的历史。相关参考文献:
- Ivan Boh Four Phases of Medieval Epistemic Logic, Theoria 66 (2):129-144 (2000)
- R.Aumann Agreeing to Disagree The Annals of Statistics, Vol. 4, No. 6. (1976), pp. 1236-1239 A survey(里面有很直观的例子) of its impacts.
- R.Aumann Interactive epistemology I: Knowledge, International Journal of Game Theory (1999) 28:263-300
- J. McCarthy, M. Sato, T. Hayashi and S. Igarashi: On the Model Theory of Knowledge Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Memo A1M-312 (1978)
- X. Ma and W. Guo, 1983, W-JS: A modal logic of knowledge Proceedings of the 8th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence.pp. 398–401.
- 马希文,“有关‘知道’的逻辑问题的形式化”《哲学研究》,1981年第05卷,第30–38页
- 马希文,郭维德,“W-JS有关‘知道’的模态逻辑”《计算机研究与发展》1982年第12卷,第1–12页
- IF Logic
- Modal Syllogisms, 我们的文章 Epistemic Sllogistics: First Steps TARK2023
- Hintikka Set
- 关于 Hintikka 的逻辑贡献
- 关于濠梁之辩与moore句的文章
- J.Halpern, Y.Moses Knowledge and common knowledge in a distributed environment Journal of the ACM 37(3) pp. 549-587 (1990)
9月 13 日第一次课 (课程介绍,Slides)
我们先介绍了课程的一些基本信息,然后从什么是逻辑学讲起,结合一些和知识有关的 puzzle 介绍了知识逻辑的一些基本内容。本次课主要面向没有逻辑基础来旁听第一次课的同学。
相关参考:
- 关于“知道”逻辑的中国开拓者北大的马希文教授,
- 马希文曾统筹了奇书Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid(GEB)的翻译 中文版
本课程定位为研究导向的偏技术性逻辑学课程,建议有较好模态逻辑基础的同学选课,欢迎旁听。
大概内容(Contents):
知识逻辑(Epistemic Logic)起源于哲学中对知识概念及其推理的分析,后广泛应用于理论计算机科学、人工智能、以及博弈论等各相关学科中对于知识的刻画和推理。传统的知识逻辑集中处理“知道如是”(knowing that)的逻辑并取得了较为丰富的结果。然而日常生活中的知识陈述除了”知道如是“以外还有很多种,比如“知道如何”(knowing how)、“知道为何”(knowing why)、”知道什么“(knowing what)等等。这些知识的概念和推理规则是否与传统的”知道如是“类似?在逻辑上应该如何刻画?有何有趣的技术问题及解决方案?本课将梳理知识逻辑的哲学及技术发展,特别突出前述非经典知识逻辑的最新技术结果,特别是一阶模态逻辑的一系列可判定的打包片段以及非经典逻辑的知识逻辑翻译。
大概计划(Plan):
Lecture 1 Introduction
Lecture 2 A Brief History
Lecture 3 Classical Problems
Lecture 4 Friends of EL
Lectures 5-7 Dynamics
Lecture 8 Know-wh: Intro
Lecture 9 Know-whether
Lecture 10 Know-what
Lecture 11 Know-how
Lecture 12 Know-why/who
Lecture 13 Bundled fragments of FOML as a new epistemic framework
Lecture 14 Nonclassical logics as epistemic logic
Lecture 15-16 Student presentations
目标(Objectives):
- 知识储备:知道知识逻辑这个领域中的思想基础,主要分支、重要问题和基本结果。
- 逻辑技能:掌握一些非正规的模态逻辑的公理化以及刻画表达力的技术。
- 学术技能:熟练阅读英文文献(精读),能自主发现问题,能熟练使用相关信息化工具收集跟踪文献,能用LaTeX写作合乎规范的学术文章并做学术报告。
- 态度培养:开放且审慎的心态,不盲从迷信权威,不畏惧复杂问题,忍受做研究过程中的挫折感与不确定性,逐渐形成学术品位,遵守学术伦理做真诚的探究。
教学材料(Course material):
以课堂幻灯片及相关文献为主,经典知识逻辑部分的参考书:
- Fagin, R., Halpern J., Moses, Y., and Vardi, M.: Reasoning about knowledge The MIT Press 1995
- van Ditmarsch, H., Halpern, J., van der Hoek, W., and Kooi B., eds: Handbook of Epistemic Logic College Publications 2015
- van Ditmarsch, H., van der Hoek, W., and Kooi, B. (2007): Dynamic Epistemic Logic, Springer
- van Benthem, J. (2011): Logical Dynamics of Information and Interaction
考核(Grading):
大致安排(Plan):
老师讲授+小论文课题讨论及报告
预备知识(Prerequisites):
一阶逻辑基本知识及模态逻辑的模型论、公理化、判定性技术。
Office hours:
办公室:哲学系2号楼139 周四下午4 pm – 6 pm(请提前预约)。
意见、建议或其它问题请发email:y.wang艾特pku.edu.cn